Look at Figs. 19 (Ghor Kali (The End of the World), coloured woodcut, late nineteenth century), 20 (An Indian couple, black and white woodcut) and 21 (A European couple sitting on chairs, nineteenth-century woodcut) carefully and then answer: What comment are the artists making on the social changes taking place in society? What changes in society were taking place to provoke this reaction? Do you agree with the artist’s view?
The artists critically comment on societal Westernisation and its perceived erosion of traditional values. In 'Ghor Kali' (Fig. 19), the depicted chaos — animals attacking humans — symbolises the breakdown of natural and moral order due to these changes. Figs. 20 and 21 contrast a traditional, respectful Indian couple sitting on the floor with an intimate European couple on chairs, implicitly criticising the adoption of Western postures and perceived intimacy over Indian social hierarchy. The artists convey anxiety about cultural degradation. These reactions were provoked by 19th-century changes including spreading Western education, evolving women's roles, and challenges to the caste system. Conservative sections feared these shifts would destroy indigenous culture. Agreeing with the artist is subjective. While their fear of cultural loss is valid, these changes also empowered marginalised groups and challenged oppressive structures, arguably fostering progress.