Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as Muslim League president in 1930, advocated for separate electorates for Muslims, evolving into the concept of a separate state. He asserted fundamental Hindu-Muslim differences, precluding a unified nation. While historically significant for understanding Partition, one need not agree with this specific viewpoint. Communalism can be defined as a political ideology that exploits religious identity to create division and antagonism among social groups. It falsely asserts that people sharing a religion inherently possess common secular interests. This ideology is dangerous because it prioritizes religious identity above all others, fostering hostility towards other groups and often inciting political conflict and violence by portraying community interests as fundamentally opposed.